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A recent review published in Nutrients by researchers in the United States after synthesising findings from over 100 large-scale epidemiological studies and meta-analyses to assess the health impacts of coffee consumption, has concluded that moderate coffee intake—typically three to five cups per day—offers more benefits than harms, with consistent evidence linking it to longer life expectancy and reduced risk of several chronic diseases.

Epidemiological data revealed that coffee consumption lowers the risk of all-cause mortality and decreases the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and multiple cancers. A meta-analysis of 36 studies reported a 15% reduction in CVD mortality among individuals consuming three to five cups daily. For T2D, risk reduction was even more pronounced at 29%. Protective effects were also observed for liver and uterine cancers, Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, respiratory illness, kidney disease, and frailty.

Researchers attribute these benefits to coffee’s bioactive compounds, including caffeine and polyphenols, which support reduced inflammation, improved glucose metabolism, and enhanced fat oxidation. However, mechanistic studies remain limited compared with epidemiological data.

The review also noted important considerations. Pregnant women are advised by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to limit caffeine intake to below 200 mg per day (about two cups), as higher intake has been linked to low birthweight in some studies. Additives such as sugar and cream may reduce benefits, although evidence is mixed. Excessive consumption can also cause sleep disturbances and anxiety in sensitive individuals.

Overall, the review highlights coffee as a safe and health-promoting beverage for most adults. When consumed in moderation, coffee is consistently associated with lower mortality and reduced risk of major chronic diseases, reinforcing its role as a beneficial part of the daily diet.

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